Why We Sleep

WHY WE SLEEP The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Mammals J. A. Horne Published by Oxford University Press 1988 Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1. 1Early Sleep Theories 1. 2Daily Sleep and Wakefulness 1. 3Measuring Sleep References CHAPTER 2 Sleep Deprivation 2. 1Problems with Animal Experiments 2. 2Recent Animal Experiments 2. 3Some Problems with Human Experiments 2. 41896 †The First Real Sleep Deprivation Experiment on Humans 2. 5The Longest Study †264 hours Without Sleep 2. 6Abnormal Behavior 2. 7The Longest Study With More than One Subject †205 hours 2. The Walter Reed Experiments 2. 9Motivation and Cerebral Impairment 2. 10Tasks Sensitive to Sleep Deprivation 2. 11Higher Levels of Cerebral Function 2. 12Spare Cerebral Capacity 2. 13Performance Measures Are Too Limited 2. 14Two Types of Sleepiness ? 2. 15Short-Term Sleep Restriction 2. 16Age and Sleep Deprivation 2. 17Does Repeated Deprivation Produce Immunity to Sleep Loss ? 2. 18Can Sleep Deprivation Effect s be Sped Up or Slowed Down ? 2. 19Do Long and Short Sleepers Differ in Their Recovery Sleep ? 2. 20Epilepsy 2. 21Other Effects On the Human EEGReferences CHAPTER 3 Physiological Effects of Sleep Deprivation 3. 1The First Major Physiological Study †Kleitman, 1923 3. 2The Next Fifty Years 3. 3Body Restitution and Sleep 3. 4Effects on Exercise 3. 5The Control of Body Temperature (Thermoregulation) 3. 6Other Aspects of Homeostasis 3. 7Update on Hormone Changes 3. 8The Immune System 3. 9Conclusions about Sleep Deprivation in Humans References CHAPTER 4 Body Restitution and Sleep 4. 1Tissue Restitution : Protein Turnover and Cell Division 4. 2Factors Influencing Protein Turnover and the Cell Cycle 4. Taking care of and Protein Turnover 4. 4Mitosis, Sleep and Physical Activity 4. 5Metabolism During Sleep and the Energy Cost of Restitution 4. 6Cell Energy Charge and Sleep 4. 7Human Growth Hormone Release During Sleep 4. 8Other Hormonal Changes During Human Sleep 4. 9Thyroid Activity a nd Sleep †Body Versus Brain Restitution 4. 10The Effects of Exercise on Sleep †Background 4. 11Is Body Heating the Key ? 4. 12Conclusions References CHAPTER 5 Waking Awareness, Subsequent Sleep, and Cerebral â€Å"Restitution† 5. 1Background 5. 2Influences of Wakefulness on Subsequent Sleep 5. SWS Changes throughout the Night, and â€Å"Models† of SWS 5. 4Brain Work During Wakefulness 5. 5Increased Awareness during Wakefulness and Subsequent Sleep 5. 6Reduced Sensory Stimulation during Wakefulness 5. 7SWS Reductions in Psychiatric Disorders 5. 8SWS and Aging 5. 9SWS Deprivation 5. 10Brain and Behavior During SWS 5. 11Cerebral Restitution During SWS ? 5. 12Sleep â€Å"Substances† and Immunoen hancement 5. 13Conclusions References CHAPTER 6 Core and Optional Sleep 6. 1Introduction 6. 2Natural Long and Short Sleepers among Humans 6. 3Can the Normal Sleeper Adapt to Less Sleep ? . 4Sleep Extension 6. 5Are We Chronically Sleep Deprived ? 6. 6The Circadian T iming of Sleep 6. 7Abnormalities in the Timing of Sleep 6. 8Insomnia 6. 9Stage 2 Sleep 6. 10Conclusions References CHAPTER 7 Sleep in Other Mammals 7. 1Dolphins 7. 2Laboratory versus Characteristic Habitats 7. 3Statistical Analyses of Mammalian Sleep 7. 4Sleep †the Immobilizer and Energy Conserver for Small Mammals 7. 5More Energy sparing if Sleep forms into a Torpor 7. 6Night versus Day Sleeping Mammals 7. 7Food, Feeding Behavior and Cerebral Development 7. 8Encephalisation 7. 9Conclusions so Far 7. 0Infancy References CHAPTER 8 REM Sleep 8. 1Perspectives on Dreaming 8. 2Memory, Homeostatic, Sentinel, and Motivational Theories 8. 3Abundance of REM Sleep in Early Life †The Ontogenetic Hypothesis 8. 4Sleep After Increased Learning 8. 5REM Sleep Deprivation in Animals †Background 8. 6REM Sleep Deprivation, Learning and Drive Behavior 8. 7REM Sleep Deprivation in Humans 8. 8Brain Protein Synthesis and Related Findings 8. 9Conclusions so Far 8. 10Similarities between REM Sleep and Wakefulness 8. 11Keeping Cool 8. 12Keeping Warm 8. 13Increased Heat Production without Shivering . 14Thermoregulation in REM Sleep Reverts to the Fetal Level 8. 15Conclusions About REM Sleep References Epilog Why Do We Sleep ? Section 1 INTRODUCTION This is a book about the reason for rest in vertebrates, especially in people. My methodology has been to take an expansive organic point of view, taking a gander at rest comparable to the normal ways of life and conduct of warm blooded animals, and making what I trust is a progression of educated assessments about what rest intends to them, and particularly to us. Obviously, I don't have the response to why we rest, as a lot of is still unknown.What I have endeavored to do is clean up numerous misguided judgments and attempt and comprehend what is left. This book isn't intended to be an exhaustive content on rest, yet a particular and individual record giving a few speculations about an assortment of viewpoints on rest. Huge n umbers of my decisions may well end up being incorrectly, as that is the method of most hypotheses. In any case, I trust that before they bomb they end up being useful in invigorating different thoughts. I have attempted to make the book discernible, and present my case inside a spreading out tale about sleep.Technicalities have been kept to a base, in spite of the fact that on occasion, and of need, it really expounds. At every possible opportunity, I have attempted to make it reasonable, as the book is pointed at rest specialists, yet at a readership having to a greater degree a passing enthusiasm for rest, with just an essential foundation in science and brain research. Little inclusion is given to the mind's neurophysiological and neurochemical components managing rest. While they help clarify how rest happens, the essential inquiries regarding what they are doing there in any case, that is the capacity of rest, despite everything must be answered.Besides, there are now amazing writings portraying these systems (e. g. ref. 1). Numerous individuals feel that, in spite of fifty years of examination, everything we can finish up about the capacity of rest is that it defeats drowsiness, and that the main dependable finding from lack of sleep tests is that rest misfortune makes us languid. Such a pitiful standpoint has been somewhat answerable for some rest analysts getting some distance from fundamental examination to the additionally animating field of rest issue. Moreover, is knowing why we rest such a fundamental inquiry all things considered ?Employment possibilities are far superior in the territory of rest issue, and there is the fulfillment of having the option to help or fix numerous patients. Various Sleep Disorders Centers have been set up in the United States and Europe in the course of the most recent decade (tsk-tsk, not in the UK), and this is by a long shot the best development region in rest research. While it could appropriately be contended th at rest issue is an unmistakably progressively beneficial territory for rest research, shockingly, similar to the neurophysiological systems of rest, it despite everything doesn't disclose to us much concerning why we sleep.Certainly, it has given important data about the neurophysiological components, and about the relationship among rest and breathing (which isn't generally identified with the capacity of rest either). This is the reason the book contains minimal about rest issue. Once more, there are as of now a few astounding records accessible (e. g. refs. 2-4). The point of this book is to show that we have not arrived at an impasse in our comprehension about the elements of rest, but instead, that we may have taken a lot for granted.As will be seen, this subject is as yet an obscure and energizing element, with numerous roads still to follow, and there is a lot of work to be finished. Compositions concerning why we rest go back to before the times of Aristotle. Most lounge ch air the motivation behind snooze terms of rest and recuperation from the â€Å"wear and tear† of alertness. One can't generally contend with this thought as it bodes well, what's more, we as a whole realize that we feel the â€Å"worse for wear† without rest, thus much better after rest. In any case it is an obscure thought †what precisely is recuperated ?This is as yet an issue for extensive discussion, as will be seen all through the book. It is usually felt that 7 †8 hours rest a night is essential. This thought is fortified from numerous quarters. For instance, by the well known press (â€Å"you must get your excellence sleep†), and by numerous GPs. Asking a patient â€Å"how are you dozing ? â€Å", may just be a stock expression for helping the GP to set up compatibility, yet it despite everything accentuates the requirement for a â€Å"good night's sleep†. The key indication of insuffient or upset rest is over the top languor in the day time.But numerous light sleepers don't encounter this, and a significant concern is about â€Å"not getting enough sleep†, and what may befall their wellbeing as a result. Be that as it may, we presumably don't generally require the most recent couple of hours of an average night's rest, and rest misfortune is far less unsafe than most would might suspect. The vast majority of the hypotheses about the capacity of rest focus on dreams or dreaming rest, these days called â€Å"rapid eye movement† rest (REM rest). Scarcely any glance at the rest of the rest. Numerous individuals accept that we just rest to dream or having REM sleep.Clearly, dreams are the most charming and noticable piece of rest, however the significance of this rest is likely overran ted. As will be seen, a huge segment of REM rest is superfluous, without sick impact. REM rest just possesses around one fourth of our daily rest, and to call the remainder of rest â€Å"non-REM† rest, by depicting i t as far as a nonappearance of REM rest, spoils most of rest, yet ignores what may losely be portrayed as the â€Å"deeper† part of non-REM rest, called â€Å"slow wave sleep† (SWS) in humans.This type of rest may well end up being the most pivotal for us. By the by, notwithstanding the way that nobody truly realizes what REM rest does, or whether it is â€Å"good† for us

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer The Zodiac Killer was a sequential executioner who followed portions of Northern California from December 1968 through October 1969. Through a progression of secretive letters he sent to the press and others, he revealed his inspiration for the killings, offered pieces of information to future homicide plots, and received the epithet Zodiac. He accepting duty regarding killing upwards of 37 individuals, yet police examiners have just affirmed five passings and seven absolute attacks.â December 20, 1968â Betty Lou Jensen, 16, and David Arthur Faraday, 17, were stopped at a disconnected spot situated on Lake Herman Road on the eastern side Vallejo, California. Witnesses saw the youthful couple crouched together in the passenger seat of Faradays Rambler station wagon between around 10:15 and 11:00 p.m. Nothing about the couple appeared to be surprising to spectators. Be that as it may, by 11:15 the scene had taken a heartbreaking turn. The couple was found lying on the ground outside their projectile perplexed vehicle. Betty Lou was discovered a few feet from the vehicle, dead from five shot injuries in the back. David was found closeby. He had been taken shots at short proximity in the headâ but was all the while relaxing. He diedâ en course to the medical clinic. Hints Investigators had hardly any pieces of information, beside the way that there was a previous encounter in a similar zone. Bill Crow and his better half were stopped in a similar spot as Faraday and Jensen only 45 minutes sooner. Crow told police that somebody driving a white Chevy drove past them, halted, and upheld up. For obscure reasons, Crow hurried away the other way. The Chevy pivoted and followed the couple, yet couldn't keep up after Crow made a sharp right turn at a crossing point. Two trackers likewise detailed seeing a white Chevy stopped at a rock pivot on Lake Herman Road. They moved toward the vehicle yet didn't see the driver inside. July 4, 1969â Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22, and Michael Renault Mageau, 19, were stopped at the Blue Rock Springs Golf Course in Benicia around 12 PM. The fairway was four miles from where Jensen and Faraday were gunned down. A vehicle pulled up behind the couples vehicle, blocking them from heading out. A man, who Mageau accepted was a cop, escaped his vehicle holding a brilliant electric lamp that darkened his face. As the outsider moved toward the drivers side of the vehicle he promptly started taking shots at the couple, discharging five nine-millimeter adjusts into the vehicle. Both Ferrin and Mageau were shot. The shooter went to leaveâ but returned in the wake of hearing yells originating from Michael. He terminated four additional occasions. One projectile hit Michael and two struck Darlene. The shooter at that point got into his vehicle and drove away. Inside minutes after the assault, three adolescents went over the couple and rushed to find support. At the point when specialists showed up both Ferrin and Mageau were as yet alive, however Ferrin kicked the bucket before arriving at the medical clinic. Signs Michael Mageau endure the assault and had the option to give a depiction of the shooter to specialists. He portrayed the aggressor as a short, pudgy white man, around 5 8 and around 195 pounds. The Call At 12:40 a.m. a mysterious male guest reached the Vallejo Police Department and revealed the twofold homicide. During the call, he additionally said he was answerable for the Jensen and Faraday murders. Police followed the call and discovered it was produced using a telephone corner found just squares from the police division and not exactly a mile from Darlene Ferrins home. The guest told police: I wish to report a twofold homicide. In the event that you will go one mile east on Columbus Parkway to an open park, you will discover the children in an earthy colored vehicle. They have been shot by a nine-millimeter Luger. I likewise murdered those children a year ago. Farewell The Zodiac Letters On Friday, August 1, 1969, the main realized Zodiac letters were gotten by three papers. The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle,â and Vallejo Times-Herald each got a practically indistinguishable letter composed by an individual who assumed praise for the assaults on the four adolescents. He additionally gave insights concerning the killings and remembered 33% of a strange figure for each letter. Oneself broadcasted executioner requested that the three letters be distributed on the first page of every paper by that Friday evening or he would go out of control and arbitrarily kill twelve individuals throughout the end of the week. The letters were marked with a crossed-circle image. The letters were distributed and endeavors to unwind the messages in the figures started by specialists and residents. August 4, 1969 Police agents expressed freely that they had questions with regards to the legitimacy of the letters trying to get the executioner to get in touch with them once more. The arrangement worked. On August fourth, another letter showed up at the San Francisco Examiner. The letter started with the words that have since frequented many associated with the case: Dear Editor This is the Zodiac talking... It was the first run through the executioner utilized the name Zodiac. In the letter, the Zodiac included data which demonstrated he was available during the killings and a message that his personality was covered up inside the figures. August 8, 1969 A secondary teacher and his better half split the 408-image figure. The last 18 letters couldn't be decoded. The message read: I LIKE KILLING PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH FUN IT IS MORE FUN THAN KILLING WILD GAME IN THE FORREST BECAUSE MAN IS THE MOST DANGEROUE ANAMAL OF ALL TO KILL SOMETHING GIVES ME THE MOST THRILLING EXPERENCE IT IS EVEN BETTER THAN GETTING YOUR ROCKS OFF WITH A GIRL THE BEST PART OF IT IS THAE WHEN I DIE I WILL BE REBORN IN PARADICE AND THEI HAVE KILLED WILL BECOME MY SLAVES I WILL NOT GIVE YOU MY NAME BECAUSE YOU WILL TRY TO SLOI DOWN OR ATOP MY COLLECTIOG OF SLAVES FOR MY AFTERLIFE EBEORIETEMETHHPITI. The way that the code didn't contain the executioners character was a mistake to the police, nonetheless, some accept the letters can be reworked (and three additional letters included) to spell Robert Emmet the Hippie. September 27, 1969â Undergrads, Cecelia Ann Shepard, 22, and Bryan Calvin Hartnell, 20, were picnicking on a landmass at Lake Berryessa close to Napa, Ca. A man conveying a self-loader gun and wearing a hooded outfit moved toward the couple. He revealed to them that he was a gotten away from convict from a Montana jail where he slaughtered a watchman and took a vehicle and that he needed cash and their vehicle to head to Mexico. The couple was collaborating completely with his requests, offering him cash and the vehicle keys and the three talked forâ a while. He trained Shepard to hoard tie Bartnell with precut bits of a clothesline that he provided. He then tied up Shepard and told the couple, Im must wound youâ people, and took out a long twofold edged blade and cut Hartnell multiple times and Shepard multiple times. He left the couple for dead and strolled calmly back to Hartnells vehicle where he attracted a crossed-circle image dark enchantment marker on the vehicle and the dates of the assaults in Vallejo. Aâ fishermanâ discovered the couple and called the police. The two casualties were as yet alive, yet it assumed control longer than an hour for clinical assistance to show up. Shepard kicked the bucket two days after the fact subsequent to passing into a state of extreme lethargy. Hartnell endure and gave police a nitty gritty record of the occasions just as a depiction of the assailant. The Call At 7:40 p.m. an unknown guest reached the Napa County Police Department. He addressed official David Slaight in what was depicted as a low, monotone voice. He told Slaight: I need to report a homicide - no, a twofold homicide. They are two miles north of park central command. They were in a white Volkswagen Karmann Ghia... furthermore, finished the call with, Im the person who did it. As in the Vallejo case, the call was followed to a telephone corner only a couple of squares from the police office. October 11, 1969â San Francisco taxi driver Paul Stine, 29, got a traveler in Union Square and headed to the well off region of Cherry Street and Nob Hill. It was there that the traveler shot Stine in the sanctuary, slaughtering him, at that point evacuated his wallet, vehicle keys and deliberately removed an enormous segment of his shirt. Three youths saw the occasion from a second-floor window opposite the stopped taxi. They reached the police and portrayed theâ shooterâ as aâ white male, 25 to 30 years of age, stocky form and a group cut. A serious manhunt was quickly propelled, yet some way or another there was a slip-up made with regards to the executioners race and the police were scanning for a dark male. How this error was made was rarely detailed and nobody was ever caught for theâ crime. It was later established that police drove by an enormous white male fitting the first depiction just squares from the shooting, but since of hisâ race, the police didn't think of him as a suspect. October 14, 1969 The Chronicle got another letter from the Zodiac. A bit of Stinesâ blood-soakedâ shirt was encased and the creator alluded to the Stine murder, saying the police neglected to get him since they didn't look through the region appropriately. He at that point highlighted his next expected casualties, younger students. October 22, 1969 A guest distinguishing himself as the Zodiac reached the Oakland Police Department and requested on-broadcast appointment on the Jim Dunbar TV syndicated program with F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, both renowned protection legal advisors. Belli showed up on the show and a call from somebody saying they were the Zodiac came in while the show was being broadcast. He said his genuine name was Sam and asked that Belli meet him in Daly City. Belli concurred yet the guest never appeared. It was later discovered that the call was a lie and the I

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 6, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 6, 2020 Sponsored by Dragon Hoops by Gene Luen Yang with First Second. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $3.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. A Girl Like That by Tanaz Bhathena  $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Hummus and Homicide by Tina Kashian for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Dinner for Everyone by  Mark Bittman for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Deep by Rivers Solomon, Daveed Diggs, William Hutson, and Jonathan Snipes for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Diviners by Libba Bray for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): Conversations with Myself by Nelson Mandela for $3.99 One Good Earl Deserves a Lover by Sarah McLean for $3.99 I Love You So Mochi by Sarah Kuhn for $1.99 Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel for $3.99 The Mapmaker’s Wife by  Robert Whitaker for $1.99 Tangerine by  Christine Mangan for $2.99 Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99 We Have Always Lived in the Castle by Shirley Jackson for $1.99 No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99 Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99 The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99 The Forgotten Man by Robert Crais for $1.99 I Am, I Am, I Am: Seventeen Brushes With Death by Maggie OFarrell for $4.99 North of Happy by Adi Alsaid for $1.99 Enlightenment Now by  Steven Pinker for $1.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 The Surgeon by  Tess Gerritsen for $2.99 The Third Angel by  Alice Hoffman for $2.99 Whiskey When We’re Dry by  John Larison for $1.99 Astonish Me by  Maggie Shipstead for $2.99 Conversations with Friends by  Sally Rooney for $2.99 Other People’s Houses by  Abbi Waxman for $1.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $1.99 The Face  by  Dean Koontz for $2.99 Cari Mora by Thomas Harris for $4.99 Chronicle of a Death Foretold by  Gabriel García Márquez for $2.99 Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut for $2.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Finding Gideon by Eric Jerome Dickey for $1.99 The Last Time I Lied by  Riley Sager for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin for $1.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 The Incendiaries by R.O. Kwon for $4.99 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Ash Princess by Laura Sebastian for $1.99 Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 The House of the Spirits: A Novel by Isabel Allende for $1.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Les Demoiselles D Avignon Vs The Starry Night - 970 Words

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon VS The Starry Night Case Study 1: The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh is one of his most known artworks, it portrays his uniqueness from other artists during his time, and it shows the viewer into some of his deepest emotions. Van Gogh had suffered personal turmoil that reached a high in December of 1888, where he then had a brief stay at an Arles hospital (Sayre 53). Within a few months van Gogh had been committed to a mental hospital, which is where he painted The Starry Night (Sayre 53). The website Artble analyzes that it seems as though van Gogh is creating a contrast between life and death with the bright sky and the dark, quiet town. The Starry Night features a cypress tree, a tree known to mark graves, which gives the viewer a sense of death. The church in the painting can be a representation of both life and death. Life can be observed from the church because it brings its followers together and can provide them with a sense of peace and happiness. Death can be observed because the church is a place where the heavens are worshiped and the dead are buried to ascend into heaven. â€Å"Soth has interpreted the Starry Night as â€Å"a religious picture, a sublimation of impulses that, since Van Gogh’s loss of faith†¦ could not find their outlet in conventional imagery.† He concluded: â€Å"Unable to paint The Agony in the Garden, Van Gogh projected its emotional content onto nature and created a sublimated image of his deepest feelings. At its most profound

The Rise and Fall of the Borgia Family

The Borgias are the most infamous family of Renaissance Italy, and their history normally hinges around four key individuals: Pope Calixtus III, his nephew Pope Alexander IV, his son Cesare, and his daughter Lucrezia. Thanks to the actions of the middle pair, the family name is associated with greed, power, lust, and murder. The Rise of the Borgias The most famous branch of the Borgia family originated with Alfonso de Borgia (1378–1458, and or Alfons de Borja in Spanish), the son of a middling status family, in Valencia, Spain. Alfons went to university and studied canon and civil law, where he demonstrated talent and after graduation began to rise through the local church. After representing his diocese in national matters, Alfons was appointed secretary to King Alfonso V of Aragon (1396–1458) and became deeply involved in politics, sometimes acting as envoy for the monarch. Soon Alfons became Vice-Chancellor, a trusted and relied upon aide, and then regent when the king went to conquer Naples. While demonstrating skills as an administrator, he also promoted his family, even interfering with a murder trial to secure his kin’s safety. When the king returned, Alfons led negotiations over a rival pope who was living in Aragon. He secured a delicate success which impressed Rome and became both a priest and a bishop. A few years later Alfons went to Naples—now ruled by Alfonso V of Aragon—and reorganized the government. In 1439 Alfons represented Aragon at a council to try and unite the eastern and western churches. It failed, but he impressed. When the king finally negotiated papal approval for his hold of Naples (in return for defending Rome against central Italian rivals), Alfons did the work  and was appointed a cardinal in 1444 as a reward. He thus moved to Rome in 1445, aged 67, and changed the spelling of his name to Borgia. Oddly for the age, Alfons was not a pluralist, keeping only one church appointment, and was also honest and sober. The next generation of Borgia would be very different, and Alfons’s nephews now arrived in Rome. The youngest, Rodrigo, was destined for the church and studied canon law in Italy, where he established a reputation as a ladies man. An elder nephew, Pedro Luis, was destined for military command. Calixtus III: The First Borgia Pope Hulton Archive / Getty Images On April 8th, 1455, shortly after being made a cardinal, Alfons was elected Pope, largely because he belonged to no major factions and seemed destined for a short reign due to age. He took the name Calixtus III. As a Spaniard, Calixtus had many ready-made enemies in Rome, and he began his rule carefully, keen to avoid Rome’s factions, even though his first ceremony was interrupted by a riot. However, Calixtus also broke with his former king, Alfonso V, after Calixtus ignored Alfonsos request for a crusade. While Calixtus punished Alonso by refusing to promote his sons, he was busy promoting his own family. Nepotism was not unusual in the papacy, indeed, it allowed the Popes to create a base of supporters. Calixtus made his nephew Rodrigo (1431–1503) and his slightly older brother Pedro (1432–1458) cardinals in their mid-20s, acts which scandalized Rome because of their youth and ensuing debauchery. Rodrigo, sent to a difficult region as a papal legate, was skilled and successful. Pedro was given an army command, and the promotions and wealth flowed in: Rodrigo became second in command of the church, and Pedro a Duke and Prefect, while other family members were given a range of positions. When King Alfonso died, Pedro was sent to seize Naples which had defaulted back to Rome. Critics believed Calixtus intended to give Naples to Pedro. However, matters came to a head between Pedro and his rivals over this, and he had to flee enemies, although he died shortly after of malari a. In aiding him, Rodrigo demonstrated a physical bravery  and was with Calixtus when he too died in 1458. Rodrigo: Journey to the Papacy Painting of Portrait of Rodrigo Borgia (1431-1503) Pope Alexander VI. German School / Getty Images In the conclave following Calixtus’s death, Rodrigo was the most junior cardinal, but he played a key role in electing the new Pope—Pius II—a role that required courage and gambling his career. The move worked, and for a young foreign outsider who had lost his patron, Rodrigo found himself a key ally of the new pope and confirmed Vice-Chancellor. To be fair, Rodrigo was a man of great ability and was perfectly capable in this role, but he also loved women, wealth, and glory. He thus abandoned the example of his uncle Calixtus and set about acquiring benefices and land to secure his position: castles, bishoprics, and money. Rodrigo also earned official reprimands from the Pope for his licentiousness. Rodrigo’s response was to cover his tracks more. However, he had many children, including a son called Cesare in 1475 and a daughter called Lucrezia in 1480. In 1464, Pope Pius II died, and when the conclave to select the next pope began Rodrigo was powerful enough to influence the election of Pope Paul I (served 1464–1471). In 1469, Rodrigo was sent as a papal legate to Spain with permission to approve or deny the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, and thus the union of the Spanish regions of Aragon and Castile. In approving the match, and working to get Spain to accept them, Rodrigo earned the support of King Ferdinand. On returning to Rome, Rodrigo kept his head down as the new pope Sixtus IV (served 1471–1484) became the center of plotting and intrigue in Italy. Rodrigos children were given routes to success: his eldest son became a Duke, while daughters were married to secure alliances. A papal conclave in 1484 installed Innocent VIII rather than making Rodrigo pope, but the Borgia leader had his eye on the throne, and worked hard to secure allies for what he considered his last chance, and was aided by the current pope causing violence and chaos. In 1492, with the death of Innocent VIII, Rodrigo put all his work together with a huge amount of bribes and was finally elected Pope Alexander VI. It has been said, not without validity, that he bought the papacy. Alexander VI: The Second Borgia Pope Hulton Archive / Getty Images Alexander had widespread public support  and was capable, diplomatic, and skilled, as well as rich, hedonistic, and concerned with ostentatious displays. While Alexander at first tried to keep his role separate from family, his children soon benefited from his election, and received huge wealth; Cesare became a cardinal in 1493.  Relatives arrived in Rome and were rewarded, and the Borgias were soon endemic in Italy. While many other Popes had been nepotists, Alexander went farther, promoting his own children and had a range of mistresses, something that further fueled a growing and negative reputation. At this point, some of the Borgia children also began to cause problems, as they annoyed their new families, and at one point Alexander appears to have threatened to excommunicate a mistress for returning to her husband. Alexander soon had to navigate a way through the warring states and families which surrounded him, and, at first, he tried negotiation, including the marriage of a twelve-year-old Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza. He had some success with diplomacy, but it was short-lived. Meanwhile, Lucrezia’s husband proved a poor soldier, and he fled in opposition to the pope, who then had him divorced. Accounts claim Lucrezias husband believed rumors of incest between Alexander and Lucrezia that persist to this day. France then entered the arena, competing for Italian land, and in 1494 King Charles VIII invaded Italy. His advance was barely stopped, and as Charles entered Rome, Alexander retired to a palace. He could have  fled  but stayed to use his ability against the neurotic Charles. He negotiated both his own survival and a compromise which ensured an independent papacy, but which left Cesare as both a papal legate and a hostage†¦ until he escaped. France took Naples, but the rest of Italy came together in a Holy League in which Alexander played a key role. However, when Charles retreated back through Rome, Alexander thought it best to leave this second time. Juan Borgia Alexander now turned on a  Roman family  who stayed loyal to France: the Orsini. The command was given to Alexander’s son Duke Juan, who was recalled from Spain, where he had earned a reputation for womanizing. Meanwhile, Rome echoed to the rumors of the excesses of the Borgia children. Alexander meant to give Juan first the vital Orsini land, and then strategic papal lands, but Juan was assassinated and his corpse thrown into the Tiber. He was 20. No one knows who did it. The Rise of Cesare Borgia Mondadori / Getty Images Juan had been Alexander’s  favorite  and his commander: that  honor  (and the rewards) were now diverted to Cesare, who wished to resign his cardinal’s hat and marry. Cesare represented the future to Alexander, partly because the other male  Borgia  children were dying or weak. Cesare secularized himself fully in 1498. He was immediately given replacement wealth as the Duke of Valence through an alliance Alexander brokered with the new French King Louis XIII, in return for papal acts and aiding him in gaining Milan. Cesare also married into Louis’ family and was given an army. His wife became pregnant before he left for Italy, but neither she nor the child ever saw Cesare again. Louis was successful and Cesare, who was only 23 but with an iron will and strong drive, began a remarkable military career. The Wars of Cesare Borgia Alexander looked at the condition of the Papal States, left in disarray after the first French invasion, and decided military action was needed. He thus ordered Cesare, who was in Milan with his army, to pacify large areas of central Italy for the Borgias. Cesare had early success, although when his large French contingent returned to France, he needed a new army and returned to Rome. Cesare seemed to have control over his father now, and people after papal appointments and acts found it more profitable to seek out the son instead of Alexander. Cesare also became Captain-General of the churches armies  and a dominant figure in central Italy. Lucrezia’s husband was also killed, possibly on the orders of an angry Cesare, who also was rumored to be acting against those who badmouthed him in Rome by assassinations. Murder was common in Rome, and many of the unsolved deaths were attributed to the Borgias, and usually Cesare. With a substantial war chest from Alexander, Cesare conquered., and at one point marched to remove Naples from the control of the dynasty who had given the Borgias their start. When Alexander went south to oversee the division of land, Lucrezia was left behind in Rome as regent. The Borgia family gained great amounts of land in the  Papal States, which were now concentrated in the hands of one family more than ever before, and Lucrezia was packed off to marry Alfonso d’Este to secure a flank of Cesare’s conquests. The Fall of the Borgias As the alliance with France now seemed to be holding Cesare back, plans were made, deals struck, wealth acquired and enemies murdered to take a change of direction, but in mid-1503 Alexander died of malaria. Cesare found his benefactor gone, his realm not yet consolidated, large foreign armies in the north and south, and himself also deeply ill. Furthermore, with Cesare weak, his enemies rushed back from exile to threaten his lands, and when Cesare failed to coerce the papal conclave, he retreated from Rome. He persuaded the new pope Pius III (served September-October 1503) to re-admit him safely, but that pontiff died after  twenty-six  days and Cesare had to flee. He next supported a great Borgia rival, Cardinal  della  Rovere, as Pope Julius III, but with his lands conquered and his diplomacy rebuffed an annoyed Julius arrested Cesare. Borgias were now thrown out of their positions, or forced into keeping quiet. Developments allowed Cesare to be released, and he went to Naples, but he was arrested by Ferdinand of Aragon and locked up again. Cesare did escape after two years  but was killed in a skirmish in 1507. He was just 31. Lucrezia the Patron and the End of the Borgias Print Collector / Getty Images Lucrezia also survived  malaria and the loss of her father and brother. Her personality reconciled her to her husband, his  family, and her state, and she took up court positions, acting as regent. She  organized  the state, saw it through war, and created a court of great culture through her patronage. She was popular with her  subjects  and died in 1519. No Borgias ever rose to become as powerful as Alexander, but there were plenty of minor figures who held religious and political positions, and Francis Borgia (d. 1572) was made a saint. By Francis’ time the family was declining in importance, and by the end of the eighteenth century it had died out. The Borgia Legend Alexander and the Borgias have become infamous for corruption,  cruelty,  and murder. Yet what Alexander did as pope was rarely original, he just took things to a new extreme. Cesare was perhaps the supreme intersection of secular power wielded to spiritual power in Europe’s history, and the Borgias were renaissance  princes  no worse than many of their contemporaries. Indeed, Cesare was given the dubious distinction of Machiavelli, who knew Cesare, saying the Borgia general was a grand example of how to tackle power. Sources and Further Reading Fusero, Clemente. The Borgias. Trans. Green, Peter. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.  Mallett, Michael. The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Family. New York: Barnes Noble, 1969.  Meyer, G. J. The Borgias: The Hidden History. New York: Random House, 2013.

Orem Free Essays

Strengths Orem’s theory provide a comprehensive base to nursing practice. It is functional in the different fields of nursing. May it be in clinical setting, education, research or administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Orem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, this theory is as applicable for nursing by the beginning practitioner as much as the advanced clinician(George JB. , 1995). Another major strength of Orem’s theory is it’s advocacy for the use of the Nursing Process (Balabagno, et. al, 2006). Orem specifically identified the steps of this process. She also mentioned that the nursing process involves intellectual and practical phases. Limitations The ambiguity of applying theory to nursing practice may lie in the fact that one theory does not always specifically support all aspects of nursing care. Orem’s self care deficit theory may not encompass all aspects of care and needs of a specific client. For instance, some dilemma with Orem’s theory include having an unclear definition of family, the nurse-society relationship and public education areas are weak. These issues are essential in the management and treatment plan in caring for patients. Although the family, community and environment are considered in self care action, the focus is primarily on the individual (Balabagno, et. al, 2006). Another limitation is the definition of health as being dynamic and ever changing with states ranging from health or non health, wellness or illness (Fitzpatrick JJ, 2005). This definition of health directly contradicts the experience of some patients with varying needs and levels of care requirements. One of the most obvious limitations of Orem’s theory is that throughout her work, it can be said that a limited recognition of an individual’s emotional needs is present within the theory (George JB. , 1995). It focuses more on physical care and gives lesser emphasis to psychological care. Other theories address this limitation quite adequately such as Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring. How to cite Orem, Papers

Worst Sinner in the Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Roger had learned all his tricks and medicines from the Indians and therefore was able to prolong Dimmesdale’s torture through using herbs. Chillingworth says, â€Å"Don’t think that I will lay a finger on him and interfere with Heaven’s work of punishment let him live. † Chillingworth never physically laid a hand on Dimmesdale, but he kept him healthy using the herbs to make sure that Dimmesdale would endure the torture of his affair, mentally and physically. Chillingworth knew exactly what he was doing to Dimmesdale. He said it would have been better had he died right away than endure seven years of vengeance. Here Roger is admitting that he has spent the last seven years using his herbs to keep Dimmesdale alive because death would be too easy. Roger Chillingworth was described as giving â€Å"black medicine† to Dimmesdale. Him using this was a way to punish Dimmesdale for wronging him. We will write a custom essay sample on Worst Sinner in the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The term â€Å"black medicine† is in correlation with the devil, as if Chillingworth is acting as Satan to get back at Dimmesdale. While talking with Dimmesdale he says, â€Å"Wherefore not; since all the powers of nature call so earnestly for the confession of sin, that these black weeds have sprung up out of a buried heart, to make manifest an unspoken crime? † Here, Chillingworth is expressing his use of the â€Å"black medicine†. What he is using are weeds he found at the cemetery, and he is explaining them as natures punishment for people who have committed hidden crimes. Chillingworth is hinting that the medicine he is giving Dimmesdale is nature’s way of making sure Dimmesdale is getting the punishment he deserves. Roger’s sin here is that he is one with the devil and carrying out actions only the devil would use through the â€Å"black medicine†. Once he stopped partaking the herbs given by Chillingworth, unfortunately, Dimmesdale died. This is proof Chillingworth used the herbs to stall Dimmesdale’s untimely death. At their home, Chillingworth offered Dimmesdale medicine. â€Å"But methinks, dear Sir, you look pale; as if the travel through the wilderness had been too sore for you. Will not my aid be requisite to put you in heart and strength to preach your Election Sermon? Dimmesdale passed on the medicine, knowing Chillingworth’s intentions. Chillingworth was described as being a â€Å"leech† and feed off of Dimmesdale’s pain, but when he collapsed and died on the scaffold the next day, he had nothing left to live for and died soon after. It is not a coincidence that Dimmesdale died so soon after being clean of herbs. Death was not a part of Chilli ngworth’s plan, and Dimmesdale was able to escape Chillingworth’s torture by stopping his medications and dying. Roger Chillingworth is the worst sinner in The Scarlet Letter. He prolonged Dimmesdale’s torture through herbs and was one with the devil. Roger Chillingworth never laid a hand on Dimmesdale throughout the book but he mentally got to him over the seven years. The herbs kept Dimmesdale alive just so Roger could get his revenge through the torture. When Dimmesdale passed away after stopping the herbs Roger Chillingworth had nothing left to live for, and died shortly after, because as the â€Å"leech†, he no longer had anything to feed off of. Roger Chillingworth was not always the man that he seemed, he had something deeper in him and was the worst sinner.

Aswang Filipino Folklore Professor Ramos Blog

Aswang Filipino Folklore The Aswang (à ¦Ã‚ ·swang) is a flesh-eating, shapeshifting monster. During the day, Aswangs appear as regular townspeople, though they may be observed by others to have reclusive habits or magical abilities. At night, Aswangs shift into eerie predatory forms and go hunting for human prey, preferring to feast on children and pregnant women above all else. They mostly prey on unborn children. They use their proboscis-like tongue, rather than sharpened teeth to prey on children and pregnant mothers. Aswangs are Filipino folklores, there are different types of aswangs, like the manananggals. They can shapeshift into different things, but they are mostly women during the daytime and animals at night. Their scariest ability is that they blend in with humans. They act like normal regular people. They are shy, but they can also have friends, family, and they can have jobs as well. During the night, the aswang splits their body, the upper body grows wings, while the other half is stationary. The only way to kill an aswang is to rub garlic on their lower torso or to use a certain cigarette ash. You can also kill them during the day by using albularyos oil, a special type of oil made of coconuts and holy plants. They are also known to have connections to witchcraft, they had magical powers during the day. What makes them monsters? Which one is scarier, the one from Tik Tik The Aswang Chronicles or the one from Wagas: Mananangaals? In thesis two: The Monster Always Escapes, an aswang can easily escape because their lower body is hard to find when hunting the monster. Even if you kill an aswang, there is always another one that is roaming around you or other places. â€Å"Each time the grave opens and the unquiet slumberer strides forth (â€Å"com from the dead. / Come back to tell you all†), the message proclaimed is transformed by the air that gives its speaker new life† (Cohen 5). This quote is telling us that even we try to kill it, there will always be another one waiting to prey on us. It will always come back even if someone goes hunting for them. You can lessen them by doing a witch hunt, during the day and the night. The way to kill them during the day is harder because they do not transform, and you can only detect them by looking into their eyes. They say if you see your reflection in their eyes and it is upside down, that means you are looking and perhaps talking to an aswang. In thesis three: The Monster Is the Harbinger of Category Crisis, it talks about how â€Å"the monster escapes because it refuses easy categorization† (Cohen 6). The aswang can turn into different kinds of animals and there are different types of aswangs as well. They mostly shape shift into a dog, pig, a large bird and while zegben, their companion, can sometimes take the form of a Tasmanian devil. Aswangs shapeshift during the night to something that is better suited for hunting its prey. They can also transform their appearance of o ther objects and also turn plants into a doppelganger of one its victims, in order to hide their feeding habits. The plants can also replace the corpses that the aswangs feed on. The doppelganger can also replace a living person by returning to the victim’s home and acting as them, they will end up getting sick and eventually dying. They always appear at funeral wakes and when they hunt their prey, they are waiting at the bedside of a pregnant woman. In thesis four: The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference, there is a quote â€Å"Any kind of alterity can be inscribed across (constructed through) the monstrous body, but for the most monstrous difference tends to be cultural, political, racial, economic, sexual† (Cohen 7). Aswangs are mostly female and they use their charms to attract their victims. They befriend pregnant women so they can prey on them. The aswangs can also be economic because many people in the Philippines are poor and will most likely befriend people who are somewhat rich or are financially stable. It seems shallow but, the way the aswangs can lure the pregnant women is by showering them with gifts for their unborn child. In Monster Thesis Five: The Monster Polices the Borders of the Possible there is a quote, â€Å"The monster prevents mobility (intellectual, geographic, or sexual), delimiting the social spaces through which private bodies may move. To step outside this official geography is to risk attack by some monstrous border patrol or(worse) to become monstrous oneself. It fits the Aswang because as a pregnant woman in the Philippines, it is hard to be alone by yourself at night. The houses in the Philippines are also poorly made and have many openings for the Aswang to enter, especially small cracks that will fit their tongue that will suck the blood or the fetus out of the mother. Pregnant women in the Philippines were never allowed to go out late at night by themselves and are accompanied by their signifi cant other during the whole night. It also applies to the children who want to play outside at night. They have to be guarded at night, or at least stay in sight of their parents. The Aswang keeps us from doing night activities, because during the night that is when it is active and hunting for their prey. The Aswang from the movie â€Å"Tik Tik The Aswang Chronicles†, the monster is seen as a male whose body does not split in half and did not have the tongue that can suck out the blood or fetus from inside the pregnant woman. That Aswang was not very scary because it was not the traditional Aswang that first appeared on the shows. It looked more of like a monster that crawled on all four and the skin was completely greyish white. In the television show version of the Aswang, it was the real deal. It looked like the ones that Filipino parents and elders told us about the terrifying monster that preyed on children and pregnant women. There is a scene in the episode wher e we see the Aswang transforming into the monster after rubbing a certain oil all over her body. She grew wings and severed her torso from her bottom which made it vulnerable for hunters to find and kill. That version of the Aswang is the one that will terrify everyone Filipino who was told about this folklore. Annotated Bibliography: Aswang Mythical Creature From Philippine | Mythology.Net. Mythology.Net, 2019, https://mythology.net/monsters/aswang/. Accessed 24 July 2019. This article helps me with my monster because it broke down the basics of what an Aswang is and had more information. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Monster Culture: Seven Theses. From Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 3-25. This article talks about all seven monster theories and gives examples, as well as quotations. This source is credible, because we as a class have been discussing. This will help me with my essay by helping me understand what my â€Å"monster† belongs to what thesis or theses. Wagas: Married Couple Elopes To A Place Where Manananggal Exists. GMA Network, 2019. This film is about how a young eloped couple into a unknown place that had something sinister waiting for them and they unborn baby. This will help me by comparing this Aswang to another one. Wikipedia contributors. Tiktik: The Aswang Chronicles. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Mar. 2019. Web. 25 Jul. 2019. In this movie, an ill-mannered playboy wanted to make amends with his pregnant girlfriend, and how he now has to protect her from the monsters who are after his unborn child. This will help my monster by comparing this movie to another show about the same monster.

3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers

3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol When information is added to the main clause of a sentence to provide more detail, whether it is inserted directly or parenthetically, careful placement enhances comprehension. In each of the following sentences, modifying phrases are clumsily included. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and a revision demonstrates a solution. 1. Smith played Bozo the Clown from 1959 to 1970, a clown character particularly popular in the U.S. in the 1960s because of widespread franchising in television. This sentence’s subordinate clause, which describes Bozo the Clown, follows not that epithet but rather a range of years, but the proper syntactical location for such a modifying phrase is immediately after its referent: â€Å"From 1959 to 1970, Smith played Bozo the Clown, a clown character particularly popular in the U.S. in the 1960s because of widespread franchising in television.† 2. Jones admitted he was nervous after his botched skating routine. Here, the suggestion is that only after Smith finished the skating routine did he become nervous, but the intent of the sentence is to express that Smith’s state of nervousness before the routine contributed to his poor performance. The admission, not the nervousness, is what followed the routine, and the word order should clearly represent this fact: â€Å"Smith admitted after his botched skating routine that he had been nervous.† 3. Researchers found that face-to-face interactions contributed to a sense of well-being rather than contacts via computer. Here, the syntax represents a sense of well-being and contacts via computer as possible outcomes of face-to-face interactions, but it is face-to-face interactions and contacts via computer that contribute to a sense of well-being. To clarify the relationships between the three phrases, the two forms of communication must be mentioned consecutively in counterpoint, with the outcome clearly distinguished at the end of the sentence: â€Å"Researchers found that face-to-face interactions, rather than contacts via computer, contributed to a sense of well-being.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?36 Poetry Terms50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

The american Scene no country for old men Essay

The american Scene no country for old men - Essay Example The beginning of the movie is witnessed with Sherriff and Tom Bell conversing with another character. The two characters are talking about the past of the Sheriff’s in Texas in different areas. From the camera one is able to see the vistas that are gorgeous from western Texas. The images are crisp and beautiful and the transitions look seamless. As an example, there is the depiction that there are no individuals (witnesses) when Moss spots a dog that is hobbling when he is hunting antelopes and it is at a distance. The only things that can be viewed at a distance are five to four pickup trucks with open doors. There are no witnesses or individuals to account on what has actually taken place for the trucks to look abandoned. The bareness of the land is made clear when he begins to head towards the trucks and all that can viewed are dead bodies in the tall grass with no individuals to explain the real causes of their death. The absence of witnesses is even stressed when there ar e battles in the streets with the hit men and gangs of Mexican all in the pursuit of the money in Moss possession. At the end of the movie, most of the characters that could have provided the real account of what actually took place are dead. These include the individuals Moss found dead from the drug deal, Moss himself, Clara Jean who was the wife to Moss, and store and hotel clerks that Chigurh killed (Coen & Coen). Most of the area in the movie is expansive and desolate with no homes. This, in the movie, is evidenced by an expansive desert. In addition, when moss as hunting, the land was mainly occupied by tall grass. Some of the homes that are shown in the movie are the trailer home belonging to Llewelyn Moss the Vietnam-veteran where he lived with his wife Clara Jean. From the footage there are fewer houses around their home hence the evidence that there was lack of homes. The other one is that belonging to Carla

Why I Want To Be A Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I Want To Be A Nurse - Essay Example When facing difficult illnesses or generic hospitalization for infirmities, the patient will often express himself or herself in relation to problems they perceive in treatment or health concerns. The nurse must use active listening to understand the catalysts and rationale of the problem, offering explanations to try to address these problems with psychological, social, cultural or even spiritual discussion (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). The patient, in this situation, is looking for advocacy from the nursing professional as they are often the most visible and routine figure available as it is associated with quality patient care. Through the patient-centered approach, the nursing professional is able to instill a sense of security with the patient, one of the most fundamental motivators related to emotional needs (Craven, Hirnle & Jensen, 2013). Security needs include not only fundamental shelter; it includes a need to feel free of health burdens and feeling free from danger (Craven et a l, 2013). This is why nursing has always been an attractive career path, as the potential positive benefits of meeting patient needs secures my own fundamental needs for caring, assistance, and protecting general human welfare. The patient-centered approach provides the nurse the ability to secure a sense of well-being in the patient, which can further assist in creating self-esteem for those who desperately need to be respected and supported while coping with difficult health issues. My own needs related to the intrinsic fulfillment associated with social compassion and social empathy can be fulfilled through nursing as it provides a direct outlet for self-fulfillment and, in many ways, self-actualization as it relates to career goals. Being an advocate for someone in need is personally rewarding and the thoughtful considerations that a person who has been assisted offers post-advocacy are personally gratifying. Since

The Politics Of Secularism In India

The Politics Of Secularism In India Secularism in India has always been more of a political than a philosophical phenomenon. Secularism may be one of the basic features of the Preamble but its validity as one of the basic features of the Constitution and its practicability in Indian society is questionable. There is an increasing use of religion in the social construction of ethnic and communal identity which is made the basis for the articulation of common economic interests and political mobilization. There is also the construction of a pan Indian Hindu consciousness that cuts across caste and regional divisions. While secularism has been integral to Indias democracy for more than 50 years, its limitations implementations are indeed matters of acrimonious debate even to this day. Discussions on the place of religious community in Indian society have turned on the opposition of secularism communalism and of modernity tradition. Secularism is unalterably linked with modernity, but the ideal of equal respect for all religions has not been translated into social reality, and the end result is something termed as pseudo-secularism. Modernity was characterized by the emergence of public, civic and privatized religious entities, concepts of a liberal democracy and a nation state, and the secularized individual who is unfettered by ascriptive identities. But such a trajectory of human development and social transformation required an understanding of humanity that was fundamentally ahistorical. Both the Round Table Conferences as well as the Constituent Assembly Debates struggled with the dilemma of formulating a liberal democracy for people who had historically been represented, and in turn came to represent themselves, as determined by the ascriptive identities of sect and caste.  [1]  Whenever critiquing secularism, the question of caste has always been sidelined by the preoccupation with religion. But the politics of secularism in India is integrally reliant and revolves around the co-optation of untouchables into an upper caste Hindu identity. The crucial fact that needs to be clarified is that, rather th an being distinct from the categories of community and caste, nationalism and communalism, liberalism and democracy, Indian secularism emerged as the nexus of all of these.  [2]   The Indian Constitution has spelt out several provisions regarding the secular state even before the term secularism was introduced into the Preamble of the Constitution in 1976. Articles 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 325 all incorporate the principles of 1. Freedom of religion to individuals as well as to religions. 2. Equality of citizenship and no discrimination on grounds of religion. 3. Separation of State from religion. It is evident that the intention of the Constitution is neither to oppose religion nor to promote a rationalization of culture, but merely to maintain the neutrality and impartiality of the state in matters of religion. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 stated that Secular means a republic in which there is equal respect for all religions, but the Supreme Court of India has been interpreting secularism in the Constitution differently over the years in its various judgments. To examine the vicissitudes of the Indian experiment with secularism, one needs to understand that there is a dichotomy in Indian society- Firstly, the political society comprising parties, movements, non party political formations which channelise popular demands through a form of mobilization termed as democracy- and secondly the civil society for whom the affirmation of secularism has been through the state and its institutions, schools, universities and the English media. In Indian society, the merits of secularism have been familiarized only by the academy and intellectual circles (civil society) whereas Hindu communal history has pervaded the streets and common sense (political society).  [3]   The relations between state, society and religion are not well defined, personal laws vary with religious communities, the precarious position of religious minorities, the affiliations of political formations with religious fundamentalists, increasing importance of the Hindu and more importantly the Hindutva philosophies pose severe challenges to the success and future of secularism in India.  [4]  It must be conceded that secularism in India today is too politicized and statist acting as an ideology of the state and an instrument of power. It is necessary to find ways to depoliticize secularism and to move it further into the domain of civil society. The project will put forward and comparatively analyze both the Gandhian and Nehruvian approaches to understanding secularism, the way secularism has been interpreted by the judiciary at times even contravening constitutional provisions, and finally the researcher will attempt to discuss whether a coexistence of democracy and secularism can be successful in a diverse and plural society like that of ours. Through the research paper, the researcher attempts to advocate the following: Secular means a Republic in which there is equal respect for all religions In the light of this remark, comparatively analyze the Nehruvian and the Gandhian understanding of the concept of secularism? Referring to the Constituent Assembly Debates 1946-1950, and landmark Supreme Court Cases, discuss the changing perceptions to the concept of secularism and whether such decisions have been a reflection of the Nehruvian or the Gandhian understanding? Can Secularism in India survive the functioning of democracy where the will of the majority is imposed on the minority and their consent is gained by a mere strength in numbers? Chapter 1. Secularism: Nehruvian Understanding Vs. Gandhian Understanding. Religion, Nehru wrote to Gandhi in 1933, is not familiar ground for me, as I have grown older I have definitely drifted away from it. I have something else in its place, something older than just intellect and reason, which gives me strength and hope. Apart from this indefinable and indefinite urge, which may just have a tinge of religion in it yet is wholly different from it, I have grown entirely to rely on the workings of the mind. Perhaps they are weak supports to rely upon, but, search as I will, I can see no better ones  [5]   Gandhis use of the term secular in relation to the state is such as may, in contemporary political discourse, be described as Nehruvian.Likewise, Nehrus positions on the definition of the Indian nation are the same as Gandhis.  [6]  That is, Gandhi does not attach any meaning to the term secular that would have been unacceptable to or unintelligible to Nehru.  [7]  Both possessed a remarkable steadfastness of faith. Even though they had strong mutual synergies on vital issues, nonetheless there was a creative tension in the Gandhi-Nehru relationship.  [8]  Gandhi and Nehru had differences. Gandhis religiosity and non violent principles was not shared by Nehru. Although he opposed the concept of theocratic statehood, Gandhi strongly advocated the importance of religious ethics in political practice. Perhaps no single leader has succeeded to the same extent as Gandhi in terms of effectively appealing to the Indian masses from all walks of life.  [9]   Gandhi expressed the opinion that the state should undoubtedly be secular.  [10]  It could never promote denominational education out of public funds. Everyone living in it should be entitled to profess his religion without hindrance, so long as the citizen obeyed the common law of the land. There should be no interference with missionary effort, but no mission could enjoy the patronage of the state as it did during the foreign regime.  [11]  This understanding came subsequently to be reflected in Articles 25, 26 and 27 of the Constitution. . In the last years of Gandhis life, a withdrawal from the political sphere to that of private moral experimentation is evident. . Unlike Gandhi, Nehru was hurled into the ruckus of politics, in command of a state, the most powerful structured concentration of modern instrumental reason that exists. He subjected Gandhis principle to scrutiny could the principle of non-violence make sense in politics, where governments are notoriously based on violence which is indeed the very lifeblood of the modern state. Nehruvian secularism was characterized by an equal contempt for all religions. Secularism as an element of modernity, required therefore a non-discriminatory rejection of all religions and all religiosity from public, as distinct from private, affirmation. Nehru was neither irreligious nor antireligious but his approach to religion was influenced by 3 basic assumptions of humanist liberal tradition- individualism, rationalism and universalism. Nehrus secularism meant freedom of religion and conscience, including freedom for those who have no religion, subject only to their not interfering with the basic con ceptions of our state. Nehru envisaged for India a secularist programme that gave religion little role in national affairs. Nehrus political wisdom was based on a theory of democracy, socialism, secularism and non-alignment. His strategy lay in an all-out attack on those forces that threatened disunity: provincialism, separatism, communalism and above all casteism. He could claim credit for making democratic secularism Indias pathway to the modern world. In his opinion Indias encounter with the Wests humanism, skepticism, and its ascendant science and technology, demanded a radical evaluation of all that India knew and was, and in that effort Indias outstanding religious heritage must correspondingly bear the strain of the encounter because in the final analysis the encounter of civilizations is a matter of spiritual discernment and active exchange.  [12]  Nehru was acutely aware and reflected expansively on the meaning of religion in the history of Indian civilization, but interestingly he was far from attempting a philosophy of religion but talked about religion in an anecdotal fashion, allowing others to distil from his remarks a refined Nehruvian theory of religion.  [13]   To summarise, analogous to post modernitys concern with immediacy and the present-Gandhi was a relentless explorer of immediacy- immediate needs, immediate means, immediate ends. In a very short span of time Gandhi introduced new themes in Indian politics with mass effect. But throughout his long career as a political thinker and activist, Gandhi encountered the dilemma of either remaining faithful to his non-violent principles and risking the failure of the Indian nationalist movement, or focusing at the seizure of political power at the expense of his moral message. Nehrus writings reveal full awareness on his part of the need to strengthen nationalism and democracy in a multireligious society characterized by arrested development while his style of functioning is an acknowledgement of the limitations under which he had to work.  [14]  A point that deserves mention is that Nehru did not intervene even once in the discussions on the clauses related to religious freedom in the constitution assembly debates. An in depth analysis of Nehruvian philosophy reflects his strong belief that the crucial choice for society is not between a fixed present and a proposed innovation, but more importantly it is concerned with an uncritical abandonment and structural engagement. The essence of Nehruvian philosophy lies in his intellectual and political understanding, in his struggles trying to base public life on a reasoned morality.  [15]  When dwelling on the thought provoking question of whether secularism has a future in India or not, the Nehruvian analysis regarding the parallel streams of the material and the spiritual which he identified as the fundamental matrix of life, for persons and civilizations alike, seems particularly relevant even to this day. Chapter 2. Secularism: Constituent Assembly Debates Landmark Cases. Constituent Assembly Debates [1946-50]: A look into the Constituent Assemblys debates clearly reveals that the general understanding amongst members of the assembly was that India was to be a secular state. They have emphasized the secular foundation of the Indian state. They also declare that secularism as adopted in the Indian constitution is not an anti-religious concept; rather it prevents discrimination against the citizens on the basis of religion. According to H V Kamath, When I say that a state should not identify itself with any particular religion, I do not mean that a state should be anti-religious or irreligious. India would be a secular state but according to me a secular state is neither a godless state nor an irreligious nor an anti-religious state. During the debate in the Constituent Assembly, Prime Minister Nehru declared that secularism was an ideal to be achieved and that the establishment of a secular state was an act of faith  [16]  . It is unfortunate that he failed to identify what faith the faith that he was referring to actually meant and in an unfortunate turn of events and circumstances it has been progressively interpreted by the courts to mean the Hindu faith. The dominant position on secularism that a democratic Constitution find place for religion as a way of life for most Indians triumphed over those who wished for the Assembly to grant only a narrow right to religious freedom, or to make the uniform civil code a fundamental right.  [17]   The crucial questions that arose by way of discussions in these debates were: Was a state secular only when it stayed strictly away from religion, and could such a secular state survive only if society was secularised as well? Did a state that equally respected all religions best capture the meaning of secularism in the Indian context? How could a democratic state represent a religious majority at the expense of the rights and liberties of a minority? The issue of religious freedom and secularism was discussed in the light of three alternative theoretical positions: The no-concern theory of secularism saw a definite line of separation between religion and state. Given the principles of religious liberty and freedom of expression, it was up to the individual to decide whether to be a believer or not, or to adhere to this religion or that.  [18]  Based on a doctrine of intolerance it confined religion to the private realm. This approach led to a conception of a secular state as one that stays away from religion per se. India was engaged in creating a modern nation state and in this enterprise, religion which seemed to be an obscurantist and divisive force, had no place. The second position was that no links between the state and religion should be permitted, not because it would weaken the state, but it would demean religion. Religion could not be made subject to the whims of changing majorities by allowing the democratic state to intervene in religious affairs.  [19]   The third position termed as the equal respect theory began with the principle of religious liberty, but held that in a society like India where religion is integrally related to the lives of the people, the state should not stay away from all religions equally but that it respects all religions alike. Thus it is evident the in these Constituent Assembly Debates the main issues of contention were: Whether the right to religious freedom should be the right to religious worship or to religious practice; Whether the state should recognise only linguistic minorities or religious minorities as well; The dispute over the Uniform Civil Code, over political reservation of religious minorities; Whether there should be religious instruction in state-aided schools. What is finally reflected in the articles of the constitution is a broad definition of the right to religion as the right to religious practice, but nonetheless there were no political safeguards for the religious minorities. Landmark Cases In Sardar Taheruddin Syedna Sahib v. State of Bombay  [20]  , the apex court claimed that Art. 25 26 serve to emphasize the secular nature of the Indian democracy which the founding fathers considered to be the very basis of the Constitution. Although in Kesavananda Bharati case, it was declared that secularism was a part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution, but interestingly a year later in St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat  [21]  , Supreme Court ruled that it was only by implication that the Constitution envisaged a Secular State.  [22]  For the first time there seemed to be an apparent contradiction between the judicially constructed concept of secularism and that in the text of the Constitution. In 1976 the court adopted a more philosophical and utilitarian approach in the Ziyauddin Bukhari  [23]  case. In the S.R. Bommai  [24]  case it was reasserted that secularism was a part of the Basic Structure and that it was based on principles of accommodation and tolerance. Herein what is evident is a euphemistic approach an espousal of a soft secularism.  [25]  In this case it was ruled that The State has the duty to ensure secularism by duty or by executive order. It is the duty of the court to bring every errant political party in line if it goes against secular ideals like casteism and religious antagonisms Jus. Ramaswamy. The State has the power to legislate on religion including personal laws under Art.44 and secular affairs of places of worship Jus. Jeevan Reddy. If a political party indirectly espouses a religious cause, it will be considered unconstitutional Jus. Agrawal. It is interesting to note that the Court withdrew from most of these commitments in the subsequent years. In the Ramjanmabhoomi case, the court went on to elaborate on secularism in terms of Indian scriptures thereby going back to the Gandhian Sarva Dharma Sambhava tolerance of all religions. In resorting to religious scriptures the court seems to have rejected the western concept of secularism of separation of church and state as propounded in S.R. Bommai case and has gone back to initial approach of equating secularism with tolerance and the fact that state has the power to take over any religious place.  [26]   Lastly with reference to the latest Hindutva judgements  [27]  the court enunciated, contrary to the Bommai decision that a speech with a secular stance alleging discrimination against any particular religion cannot be treated as an appeal on the ground of religion . Moreover the court seemed to have conveniently shifted its stance to uphold the constitutional duty to get political parties in line with secularism and most importantly it equated Hinduism and Hindutva with Indianisation and are not to be construed in a narrow sense. Thus what is clearly evident is the lack of consistency in these abovementioned Court decisions. The court has mostly stuck to secularism not being a wall between the church and the state but a sense of toleration between people of different religions. There have been frequent deviations from the Bommai decision, but it seems that the Ramjanmabhoomi case encapsulates the essence of Indian secularism toleration based on tradition. The Hindutva judgements reassert the recognition and increasing importance of the essential Hindu identity of tradition.  [28]   Clearly the judiciary in India is a significant site where contests under the banner of secularism have been taking place over the last sixty odd years. Though landmark judgements of the apex court of the nation has been interpreting secularism in the Constitution differently over the years in its various judgments  [29]  reiterating the fact that secularism is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution and that secularism involves liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, even though secularism as a term appears in very few Supreme Court judgements yet it is evident that a crisis of secularism indeed exists in the worlds largest and most fractious democracy. With reference to the Constituent Assembly debates and the landmark cases the following interesting observations can be deduced: When discussing the concept of religious freedom in the Debates, there arose a paradox- it is precisely some of the advocates of a broad right to religious freedom who were also the most vociferous opponents of any political rights for religious minorities. The no-concern and equal-respect positions on secularism clashed constantly during the debates in the Constituent Assembly as the question of secularism cropped up in discussions about innumerable articles. The distinction between tolerance and secularism has never been made by the Indian judiciary. The apex court conveniently avoids exact direct mention of the word secular in its various prior judgements eg. Kesavananda Bharati case. A valid argument could be that the Supreme Court has not directly addressed the issue of secularism for the simple adjectival reason that it is a thorny issue with also the Constitution being suitably ambiguous would never permit a justifiable interpretation. The interpretation by the court reflects the interpretation of the Constitution which society is more likely to accept. As opposed to the prior cases such as Kesavananda Bharati and S.R.Bommai , post the Hindutva cases, the line of thinking of the Court has gradually been inclined towards secularism being tolerance based on tradition but the interpretation of tolerance is more in terms of grudging accommodation than wholehearted notions of acceptance. What is most extraordinary about the courts reasoning, from a strictly legal point of view, is that it can draw such an unequivocal conclusion as to the meaning of Hindutva without having cited virtually any authorities-judicial or otherwise in its support. Even when the apex court has addressed the issue of secularism it has not been uniform in its judgements. On the one hand it has effectively legitimized the Hindu Rights understanding of secularism and supported its nonsecular agenda, but on the other hand it has also in no uncertain terms condemned the practices of several members of the Hindu Right. Thus the decision given by the court in the Hindutva cases is a contradictory one, wherein it has both condemned as well as condemned the Hindu Right. Chapter 3. Secularism Democracy: A Misunderstood Relation. Sixty years ago, 565 princely states and 13 British-ruled states became united into one sovereign nation, with a secular democracy as its Constitutions primary guiding principle. In our country, eight major religious communities co-exist ,namely the Hindus(82%), Muslims(12.12%), Christians(2.6%), Sikhs(2%), Buddhists(0.7%), Jains(0.4%), Parsis(0.3%) and Jews(0.1%). The single-most defining element of the Indian democracy is the acceptance of all religions in the nations Constitution, granting explicit freedom to all its citizens and residents to practice their faiths without violating the others right to do so. It is from this explicit freedom that citizens experience other freedoms necessary to realize their lives. In stark contrast to some 90 percent of Asian nations, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, India guarantees that right. A state that arises from democracy need not be strictly secular. Democracies are perfectly capable of giving an important role to religion in the affairs of the state. It is the problem of aggregation that is of utmost importance. A democratic state will tend to reflect in its own makeup the complexity of the individuals it represents.  [30]   The challenge facing the theorists of Indian secularism is therefore to devise an answer to the problem of intolerant religions. If one or more religions in a pluralistic society preach their unwillingness to co-exist with the others, and insist on religion as the unitary framework for individual, society, and state, how do we define a secular regime for such societies? No viable model of secularism can be built on terms defined by any one religious group even if it is the majority community, especially so since its mode of toleration has historically included absorption, subjugation and marginalisation of religious minorities. The Indian democracy provides mechanisms, available in a secular democracy, to temper extremism and intolerance inherent in most religions; it leads diverse religious communities, especially the Hindu majority, to accept that the well being of all human beings consists in respecting the others religious and civil rights, particularly that of minorities. Many critics  [31]  reject secularism as radically alien to Indian culture and tradition and advocate a return to genuine religion and the indigenous traditions of religious tolerance as the best means to preserve a pluralist and multireligious Indian society. On the contrary Nehruvian theory suggests that democracy would have never been possible in a non-secular India. Nehru claims that if democracy requires a minimum consensus about the basic values and institutions of society and the rules of the political game, then such a consensus could not have been built on a religious basis in a pluralist nation like India.  [32]  This fact is clearly reflected in the failure and subsequent removal of the communal electorate system in the wake of Indias independence. Whether India is a sufficiently secular state and whether circumstances are favourable for the survival of secularism depends ultimately upon the readiness and ability of its people to maintain an autonomous political community. The challenges of casteism, communalism and religious fundamentalism involving separatism in India are the major threats to our Secular state. They weaken the working and stability of our democratic secular Federal state and militate against the basic principles governing our national life and providing means to our new identity. Communal riots and caste carnage has to stop if India has to emerge as a secular and democratic polity. Large-scale communal riots broke out in India after the demolition of Babri Masjid by the Sangh Parivar in Ayodhya . Both Hindus and Muslims were killed in the communal backlash that followed. The attacks on Christians in Orissa and Gujarat made headlines in electronic and print media. The grouse of the Sangh Parivar is that the Muslims had demolished their temples, humiliated Hindus during Muslim rule and partitioned India and thus justified their animosity and attacks on Muslims. The Godhra and Post-Godhra incidents pointed to the absence of political sanity in Gujarat. Nothing could represent a more provocative insult to the national commitment to communal harmony and pluralist co-existence than Narendra Modis repeated taunts of the Muslim minority people of his own state, his insinuations that they are susceptible to the supposedly adventurous designs of Pakistan and his final desperate suggestion that if the opposition Congress wins the election, it would represent a victory for Pakistan. The terrorist attack on Indian Parliament on December 13,2001, was unprecedented not only in the history of India but also in the annals of democracy in the world. It manifests utter disregard and contempt for parliamentary democracy by Pakistan which only can boast of a military democracy. Thus it is evident that during the last 60 years of independence, India has witnessed both successes and failures in running the secular democratic processes. It has evolved a lasting secular constitution, a viable political system and a functional federal secular polity and with strong democratic traditions on the one hand, but on the other hand it has also garnered several communal riots and caste wars. However, it is politics, which proved to be divisive and not religion. It is not religious leaders by and large (with few exceptions) who divide but politicians who seek to mobilise votes on grounds of primordial identities like relig

Human and Disturbed Young Member Essay

I do so loathe writing essays, especially a descriptive one, but for the grade I’ll just have do it. The topic I chose to write about as you read in the title is myself. To describe how I am and the way I am should prove an easy task. To explain why I am this way is a different story. Furious, despondent and hopeless I have felt, and have endured feelings similar for a rather long period of time. In the end, like it or not this essay will be completed. For starters, emotionally I am not considered a very cheery or content individual. My mood for half of an average day is cantankerous, or rather irritable. The other half is I would say filled with cheerless and heartbreaking misery. On the rare days that I am in high spirits, habitually my short ill temper will devastate my day along with anyone else’s if I am amongst others. I don’t seem to make nor keep friends very well due to my offensive attitude. I am moderately unpleasant to be around and somewhat unkind to those around me. One must realize that to be friends with me is reasonably difficult chore. Next, following my emotions is my state of mind. I regret to announce that the stability of my mentality is delicate and unreliable. Not to indicate that I am mentally ailing or handicapped nevertheless I do not speak of my brain literally for that is a stronger and different matter. I as a person am fragile and feeble although my faà §ade shows to the contrary. Pushed too hard and reluctantly I will not last for too long. I lack determination and willpower when it comes to my mind and aiding in its recuperation. I’d rather lock it all up inside and bury it deep down never to resurface again until it just detonates. Through my neglect, I have fractured my mind and made myself a very disturbed young member of society. Apart from all the consolers and therapists, my family tries to show their love and support. Though it doesn’t help much, I just put on a smile and present them with what they want to see. My brain on the other hand is stronger and more resilient than my mind or will. I once thought of myself as naà ¯ve and unaware of society as a whole growing up in a small town alone. People and their actions or what they said, even how they looked, was mysterious and unknown to me. Un-relatable I thought the human race to be. Moving to the very overpopulated city, I now realize that not only was I not naive, but that I knew more than I cared to know. All the same, all predictable, the only difference is that here I fit in because no one cares to notice. When you live in a town where everyone notices, one feels very inexperienced, childish almost under the watchful eyes of others. Growing up alone, one is obligated to solitude and when you are watching everyone else, observations are what one’s childhood is based on. From just examining a setting or situation, even people, I can analyze it and bring myself to hypothesis that ends up being fairly close to the actual occurrence . Experience wise, I am somewhat an aware young citizen of the community. Living my life has been no easy job although I’m sure the rest of the world feels the same. My skills learned throughout life are quite a handful. Book smarts was one of my highest assets and at one point based my life around it. I grew up with nothing but my books and thought they were everything I need and would ever need. In this world it’s better to fill your head with knowledge, for when all materialistic items have passed your brain still remains. To this day however I play the part of an idiot, truth be told it makes things far less complicated when they think you are an incompetent moron. Another motive behind my opinion that I was naà ¯ve was that I generally did not get along with kids my age. No matter how hard I tried, relating to them was a vast issue. I believed that I was too immature for them to relate to. Only came to discover that I was the one too mature for them. My circle of friends is a very small one and the people it consists of are all over the age of about twenty. For a reason unpronounced to me I get along famously hand in hand with them. Perhaps it is that their maturity is vastly to the contrary of any stubborn adolescent. I couldn’t hold a conversation with a fellow teen for any extended amount of time, even if I genuinely sought to. My motto now is that if they want to talk to me, they will get up and try. If they want to befriend me, they will make the effort. No longer will I strain myself trying to talk to someone who doesn’t give me the time of day nor upset myself when I’m alone again. In the end, along with a descriptive essay in full, I have expressed to thee my thoughts and my opinions. I am a seriously distressed human being with pretty severe mood swings. Incorporate my rigid attitude, weak state of mind, hidden knowledge and the combination is thick with incompatible components. Collaborate my experiences with the fact that I am now a stronger and better person through previous anguish, and I you have a very strong and resilient victim. Being accustom to seclusion was what made me such an awful person. I admit my mental health is perchance unstable and my maturity prohibits me to make teen friends on a substantial level. This is who Elisa Soto has molded into throughout time and I don’t regret to say I absolutely love her!

The Battle Of The Confederate Flag - 2086 Words

Throughout the years there has been many flags that represent something unique of a nation. Flags that symbolizes our freedom and pride of becoming part of that nation. These flags give us the motivation and strength to fight until the end for the protection of our nation. However, as years went by, many different flags have brought about many controversies that have resulted in the fall and disappearance of them, all except one, the Confederate Flag. The Confederate flag is a well-known historical flag all around the United States and possibly around the world. However, this flag has provoked many controversial situations in the nation due to the way individuals interpret it. The Confederate flag, also known as the Confederate Battle flag for others, was created during the 1860s when the United States split up into the South and the North. The reason for their split was because the North and the South could not come to terms whether slavery should continue in the United States. This would then create the American Civil War between the Confederates and the Union. Before the war began, the Confederates needed a flag different from the original United States flag. For this reason, â€Å"On April 30,† as said by Thomas G. Clemens, a retired history professor at Hagerstown Community College, â€Å"the Virginia Convention of 1861 adopted a new state flag modeled on a different Confederate symbol: The Bonnie Blue Flag† (Paragraph 4). This flag was all blue with a really White big star inShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1070 Words   |  5 Pagespride or statement of hate? Many people have strong opinions when it comes to the Confe derate Flag; many others are not as educated as they think they are on this topic. When it comes to what the civil war was really caused by, and what the Flag really stands for, people tend to make up their own conclusions. There is much about the Confederacy’s side of the war that isn’t taught in schools or reported on the news. The Flags of the Confederacy are prominent figures in American History. The Civil WarRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1695 Words   |  7 Pagestrifles, Americans cannot seem to agree upon anything. One of these seemingly pointless issues is whether the rectangular Second Confederate Navy Jack and the Battle Flag of Northern Virginia, or as many people call the â€Å"confederate flag†, should be banned. It is difficult to discern what exactly set off this movement, the fact of the matter is that the confederate flag has been used for years with no apparent backlash, but has become an issue of controversy. This debate has raised legitimate concernRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe confederate flag has been a symbol of power that has caused oppression throughout its existence, but recently, more than ever, it has come under fire due to its association with racism. In June of 2015, Dylann Roof executed nine people inside of a Black church in South Carolina. As the media began to dig into this homegro wn terrorist s background, they uncovered symbols that he attached his ideologies to. One prominent symbol was the confederate flag. In the immediate following weeks there wereRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Confederate flag remains to be a hot topic that is drawing a lot of controversy in the state of Mississippi. Some individuals feel that the flag has a right to be flying all over the state; while, others can see it removed completely. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail four important topics as follows: (1) the history of the Confederate flag, (2) the economic impact, (3) state agencies and municipalities’ stance and (4) the Legislative position concerning the issue. The flag originatedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag977 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first came across the Negative Views assignment, I immediately thought of the Confederate Flag. It was an obvious choice considering all the attention and the controversy surrounding it in the past few weeks. For me personally, if I was asked six months ago what I thought about the Confederate flag, I would say I loosely associated it with the term â€Å"redneck.† I looked up the definition of â€Å"redneck† on Internet Slang and it said redneck means, â€Å"Unsophisticated rural person from Southeast USARead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag954 Words   |  4 PagesMany, in the new era, do not know the history behind the meaning of a true rebel. The definition of rebel has changed in America from patriot in the time of the American Revolutionary war to confederate in the Civil War and to redneck in today’s societal controversy concerning the image of the Confederate flag. The first definition of rebel originates from the term of patriot from the Revolutionary War. The definition of rebel in the colonies during the Revolutionary War time was a person who wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Battle Flag1367 Words   |  6 PagesExtinction All the conflict the Confederate battle flag has raised in the past month elevates the question â€Å"should the flag stay up or be taken down.† Many states have already taken it down from official buildings. Other questions appear asking if the flag symbolizes racism or heritage. As said by Coulter â€Å"Think of all the actual people you know, Southern or Yankee. Have any of them ever expressed support for slavery? Ever, ever, ever? No they haven t† (Battle Over Flag).No one wants to see slaveryRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag956 Words   |  4 PagesAlabama today is full of discrimination, confederate flags, and hatred towards black people. Many white Americans in the south will argue that the confederate flag represents their â€Å"culture† and their historical background, which I find ludicrous. The confederate flag flew under the laws of the confederacy where racism and slavery were openly accepted, if not encouraged, in the states of the confe deracy. People that encourage the flight of the confederate flag have not considered that part of historyRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flags1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Confederate flags those hung in the campus of Harvard University on March, 1991 triggered many controversial disputes among the faculty of the Harvard community. Many students argued with the hanging of those offensive flags in the window of the dormitory are the symbols of Slavery and offer many offensive message, while others claimed that those symbols are the form of freedom of speech and it should be protected according to the First Amendment. The Harvard faculty did not react to the incidentRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1208 Words   |  5 Pagespresence of the Confederate flag. Apparently, there is a common perception among Democrats that the Confederates are associated with racial crime and hate in America. The suspect behind the shooting in Charleston has confessed that he acted about the idea of white supremacy in the South. A large section of the American population agrees the flag is a symbol of racism since it was established in honor of white civil war soldier who wanted to preserve slavery in the region. Interestingly, the flag has remained